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Question 1/101/10
Fundamentals of Testing
Fundamentals of Testing
Fundamentals of Testing
A project manager states that the purpose of testing is to prove that the software works correctly and contains no defects. Which statement best explains why this view is incorrect?
Select the answer:Select the answer
1 correct answer
A.
Testing can only be performed by independent teams, so developers cannot prove correctness
B.
Testing is only concerned with non-functional characteristics, not correctness
C.
Testing can show that defects are present but cannot prove the absence of defects
D.
Testing proves correctness only when 100% of the code has been executed
Explanation: Testing is a sampling activity. Even a very large test suite exercises only a subset of the possible combinations of inputs, states, timings and environments in which the software can be used. Executing a set of tests without observing a failure increases confidence that the software behaves as expected under the conditions covered, but it says nothing about the conditions that were never exercised. The absence of observed failures may equally mean that the tests were weak, that the wrong risks were targeted, or that the defects lie in paths that were never triggered. This is why one of the fundamental principles of testing states that testing shows the presence of defects, not their absence. Exhaustive testing is impossible for anything beyond a trivial system, so complete proof of correctness is unattainable through dynamic testing alone. Coverage measures such as executing every statement do not change this, because a statement can be executed with data that happens not to reveal the fault it contains. Testing therefore reduces the level of residual risk to an acceptable level rather than removing risk entirely, and stakeholders should interpret test results as evidence about quality rather than as a guarantee.
Right Answer: C
Quiz
Question 2/102/10
Testing Throughout the Software Development Lifecycle
Testing Throughout the Software Development Lifecycle
Testing Throughout the Software Development Lifecycle
In a sequential development model such as the V-model, what is the main characteristic of the relationship between development and test activities?
Select the answer:Select the answer
1 correct answer
A.
Each development phase has a corresponding test level, and test preparation begins in parallel with the corresponding development activity
B.
All testing is performed after all development has been completed, with no test activity before coding
C.
Testing is performed continuously by developers only, without defined test levels
D.
Test levels are executed in reverse order, starting with acceptance testing
Explanation: The V-model pairs each development work product with a corresponding level of testing. Requirements correspond to acceptance testing, system specification to system testing, architectural design to integration testing and detailed design or code to component testing. The essential point is that the preparation of the tests for each level, including analysis of the test basis, design of the test cases and definition of the environment, begins as soon as the corresponding work product is available, even though execution happens later, on the ascending arm of the V. This is an early testing measure: reviewing the requirements while writing acceptance tests exposes defects in the requirements themselves before any code is affected. The model does not require that all testing wait until development is finished, which is the misconception that the V shape was intended to correct in the older waterfall picture. Execution of the levels proceeds from the lowest level upwards, since higher levels depend on lower level components being available and reasonably stable. Sequential models suit contexts where requirements are stable and where regulatory evidence of a structured process is required.
Right Answer: A
Quiz
Question 3/103/10
Static Testing
Static Testing
Static Testing
Which of the following best describes static testing?
Select the answer:Select the answer
1 correct answer
A.
Testing that executes the software with a limited set of inputs
B.
Examination of work products without executing the software, either manually or with tool support
C.
Testing performed only on documentation and never on code
D.
Testing performed only after the code has been compiled and deployed
Explanation: Static testing examines work products without executing the code they describe or contain. It has two main forms. Manual examination is performed through reviews, ranging from an informal read-through by a colleague to a formal inspection with defined roles, entry criteria and metrics. Tool-driven examination is performed through static analysis, in which a tool parses source code, configuration files, models or other structured artefacts and reports violations of coding standards, suspicious constructs, security weaknesses, complexity measures and dependency problems. Almost any work product can be examined statically, including requirement specifications, user stories and acceptance criteria, architecture and design documents, source code, test plans and test cases, user guides, contracts and models. The essential characteristic is that defects are found directly in the work product rather than being inferred from a failure. This makes static testing the earliest possible testing activity, since it can be applied to a draft requirement long before any executable software exists, and it is the reason static testing is regarded as a highly cost-effective way to prevent defects from propagating downstream.
Right Answer: B
Quiz
Question 4/104/10
Test Analysis and Design
Test Analysis and Design
Test Analysis and Design
Which of the following correctly categorizes the three groups of test techniques?
Select the answer:Select the answer
1 correct answer
A.
Manual, automated and hybrid techniques
B.
Black-box, white-box and experience-based techniques
C.
Functional, non-functional and regression techniques
D.
Component, integration and system techniques
Explanation: Test techniques are conventionally grouped into three categories according to the source of information used to derive the tests. Black-box techniques, also called specification-based or behaviour-based techniques, derive test cases from the specified behaviour of the test object without regard to how it is implemented; equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, decision table testing and state transition testing belong here. White-box techniques, also called structure-based techniques, derive test cases from the internal structure or implementation of the test object; statement testing and branch testing are the two covered at foundation level. Experience-based techniques draw on the knowledge, skill and intuition of testers and other stakeholders; error guessing, exploratory testing and checklist-based testing belong here. The categories are complementary rather than competing: black-box techniques check that the specified behaviour is delivered, white-box techniques reveal parts of the implementation that no test has reached, and experience-based techniques find problems that neither the specification nor the structure would suggest. Manual versus automated, functional versus non-functional, and the various test levels are orthogonal concerns that do not define these groups.
Right Answer: B
Quiz
Question 5/105/10
Managing the Test Activities
Managing the Test Activities
Managing the Test Activities
Which of the following is a typical purpose of a test plan?
Select the answer:Select the answer
1 correct answer
A.
To document the objectives, scope, approach, resources, schedule and criteria for the test activities
B.
To record the actual results of every executed test case
C.
To list all defects found during the previous release
D.
To define the coding standards for the development team
Explanation: A test plan describes how testing will be carried out for a specific product, release, project or iteration. It typically documents the context and scope of the testing, the objectives to be achieved, the approach and the techniques to be used, the test levels and types in scope, the assumptions and constraints, the roles and responsibilities, the resources and environments required, the schedule and milestones, the metrics to be collected, the entry and exit criteria, the risks associated with testing and the product, and any items explicitly out of scope. Its purposes are to guide the thinking of the people planning the work, to communicate intentions to stakeholders so that expectations are aligned, and to serve as a reference against which progress is monitored and controlled. A plan is not a static document: it is revised as feedback from monitoring arrives and as risks and constraints change. Recording actual results belongs to test execution and reporting, listing defects belongs to defect management, and coding standards belong to the development process rather than to the test plan.
Right Answer: A
Quiz
Question 6/106/10
Test Tools
Test Tools
Test Tools
Which of the following is a typical benefit of using test tools?
Select the answer:Select the answer
1 correct answer
A.
They reduce repetitive manual work, increase consistency and provide objective measurement such as coverage
B.
They remove the need for a test strategy
C.
They guarantee that all defects will be found
D.
They eliminate the need for skilled testers
Explanation: Test tools support test activities in several ways. They reduce repetitive manual work by executing regression tests, loading test data, comparing results and setting up environments, which frees testers to concentrate on analysis, design and exploratory work. They increase consistency and repeatability, since a tool performs the same steps identically every time and does not tire or improvise. They provide objective measurement that humans cannot produce reliably, such as statement and branch coverage, response times under load and static analysis findings. And they give easier access to information about testing, through dashboards, statistics and traceability. These benefits are real but conditional: they depend on selecting the right tool for the context, on the skills available, on maintaining the resulting assets, and on realistic expectations. Tools do not decide what should be tested, cannot judge whether a requirement is right, and cannot find defects that nobody thought to check for. They support a strategy rather than replacing one, and they increase rather than decrease the value of skilled testers.
Right Answer: A
Quiz
Question 7/107/10
Fundamentals of Testing
Fundamentals of Testing
Fundamentals of Testing
A developer mistypes a comparison operator in a loop condition. The resulting code produces an incorrect total on the customer report. Which sequence correctly describes the relationship between the terms involved?
Select the answer:Select the answer
1 correct answer
A.
Error causes a defect, which may cause a failure
B.
Defect causes an error, which causes a failure
C.
Failure causes a defect, which causes an error
D.
Error causes a failure, which may cause a defect
Explanation: The three terms describe a causal chain that starts with a person. An error, also called a mistake, is a human action that produces an incorrect result, such as a developer misunderstanding a requirement or mistyping an operator. That error can introduce a defect, also called a fault or bug, into a work product such as source code, a design document or a test case. The defect is a static imperfection that sits in the work product whether or not anyone notices it. When the defective code is executed under conditions that trigger the flaw, the system may produce an incorrect result or behave in an unexpected way, which is a failure. The word may is essential: a defect does not always cause a failure. It may reside in code that is rarely executed, or the specific data needed to expose it may never occur in practice. Failures can also arise from causes other than defects in the code, such as environmental conditions like radiation or electromagnetic interference altering firmware. Understanding this chain helps testers report observations accurately and helps teams perform root cause analysis, which traces a failure back through the defect to the underlying error and its cause.
Right Answer: A
Quiz
Question 8/108/10
Testing Throughout the Software Development Lifecycle
Testing Throughout the Software Development Lifecycle
Testing Throughout the Software Development Lifecycle
Which statement best describes how testing is organized in an iterative and incremental development model?
Select the answer:Select the answer
1 correct answer
A.
All test levels are executed once, at the end of the final increment
B.
Testing is postponed until the customer requests it
C.
Only acceptance testing is performed, because increments are small
D.
Each increment is tested at several levels as it is developed, and regression testing becomes increasingly important
Explanation: In incremental development the system is built and delivered in pieces, each adding functionality to what already exists, and in iterative development groups of features are specified, designed, built and tested together in short cycles. Testing is therefore performed on each increment at the levels appropriate to it, typically component, integration and system testing, and often acceptance testing as well when the increment is delivered to users. Because every increment changes a system that already works, previously passing functionality can be broken by the new code, so regression testing grows steadily in importance and volume as the product accumulates features. This growth is the practical driver for test automation, since manually repeating an ever-larger regression suite in a short iteration quickly becomes impossible. Verification and validation can be carried out on each increment, giving faster feedback and earlier discovery of defects than a single test phase at the end. The main risks in this model are scope creep and an architecture that erodes if it is never revisited, both of which increase the amount of rework and regression testing required.
Right Answer: D
Quiz
Question 9/109/10
Static Testing
Static Testing
Static Testing
Which of the following is a key difference between static testing and dynamic testing?
Select the answer:Select the answer
1 correct answer
A.
Static testing can measure non-functional characteristics such as actual response time
B.
Static testing can only be applied to source code, while dynamic testing applies to all work products
C.
Static testing requires a fully configured test environment, while dynamic testing does not
D.
Static testing finds defects directly, while dynamic testing finds failures from which defects must be inferred
Explanation: Both static and dynamic testing aim to improve quality and can identify similar kinds of defects, but they work differently. Static testing examines the work product itself and therefore finds the defect directly, at its location, which makes root cause analysis and correction cheaper. Dynamic testing executes the software and observes failures, which are symptoms; locating the underlying defect then requires debugging effort. Static testing can be applied before any executable code exists and to work products that can never be executed, such as requirements, contracts and user guides, so it typically finds defects earlier. It is also able to reveal certain defect classes that dynamic testing struggles with, including unreachable code, dead variables, coding standard violations, inconsistent interfaces, security weaknesses, high complexity and inconsistencies between requirements. Conversely, only dynamic testing can reveal defects that depend on the actual runtime environment, and only dynamic testing can measure non-functional characteristics such as real response times, memory consumption under load and reliability in operation. The two approaches are therefore complementary, and neither substitutes for the other.
Right Answer: D
Quiz
Question 10/1010/10
Test Analysis and Design
Test Analysis and Design
Test Analysis and Design
A field accepts an integer age between 18 and 65 inclusive. Values outside this range are rejected. Using equivalence partitioning, how many partitions exist for this field considering only valid and invalid integer values?
Select the answer:Select the answer
1 correct answer
A.
Two
B.
Three
C.
Four
D.
Six
Explanation: Equivalence partitioning divides the input domain into groups of values that are expected to be processed in the same way by the test object, so that testing one representative value from a group gives roughly the same information as testing any other value in that group. For an integer field accepting values from 18 to 65 inclusive, three partitions arise. One valid partition contains the integers from 18 through 65. One invalid partition contains integers below 18, and a second invalid partition contains integers above 65. Testing one value from each of these three partitions provides one hundred percent equivalence partition coverage for this field. Note that the partitions must be disjoint and must together cover the whole domain, and that both valid and invalid partitions should be identified, since defects in the handling of rejected values are common. If the field could also receive non-integer input such as letters or empty values, further invalid partitions would exist, but the question restricts the domain to integers. Equivalence partitioning is often combined with boundary value analysis, which then examines the values at the edges of these partitions.
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Quiz name:ISTQB_CTFL: ISTQB - Certified Tester Foundation Level (Version 4.0)
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